Myocardial energy shortage and unmet anaplerotic needs in the fasted long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout mouse.

AIMS The aim of this animal study is to assess fasting-induced changes in myocardial substrate metabolism and energy status as a consequence of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid β-oxidation deficiency, using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). METHODS AND RESULTS Carbon-13 ((13)C) MRS of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate was used to assess in vivo pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity in fed and fasted wild-type (WT) mice and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase knockout (LCAD KO) mice. PDH activity decreased after fasting in both genotypes, but was 2.7-fold higher in fasted LCAD KO mice compared with fasted WT mice. Incorporation of the (13)C label into the myocardial malate and aspartate pools in fasted LCAD KO mice demonstrates enhanced activity of anaplerotic pathways in fasted LCAD KO hearts. These findings were corroborated by ex vivo assays revealing partially depleted pools of citric acid cycle intermediates in fasted LCAD KO myocardium, suggesting an increased, but unmet need for anaplerosis. The in vivo myocardial energy status, assessed using phosphorous-31 ((31)P) MRS, was lower in fasted LCAD KO mice than in fasted WT mice. CONCLUSION This study revealed that the heart of fasted LCAD KO mice has an elevated reliance on glucose oxidation, in combination with an unmet demand for myocardial anaplerosis. Due to a lack of substrate availability, the sustained myocardial glucose uptake and PDH activity in LCAD KO mice are ineffective to maintain metabolic homeostasis during fasting, which is reflected by an impaired myocardial energy status in fasted LCAD KO mice.